The expression brahma vrksa, "Brahma tree," in the Mahabharata (Aslvamedha Parva xivii.14), points backward to MU 4.4, where the One Asvattha is identified with Brahman; SAXI.2,where the Brahman stands up as a great green Tree; and finally to the question asked in RV x.31.7 and x.81.4, "What was the Wood, and what the Tree, of which they fashioned Heaven and Earth," with its answer in TB ii.8.9.6, "The Wood was Brahman, Brahman the Tree, of which they fashioned Heaven and Earth: it is my deliberate word, ye knowledgeable men, that there stands Brahman, world supporting."(1) Bearing in mind the equivalence of Mitravarunau and apara and para Brahman, and the designation of Varuna in the Rg Veda and of Brahman in the Brahmanas and Upanishads as yaksa, it can readily be seen in what sense Brahman is thought of both as root and branch of one and the same Tree. The Brahman being a single essence with two natures (dvaidhibhavah, MU 7.2.8), "in a likeness and not in any likeness (murtam camurtam ca), mortal and immortal, local and pervasive (sthitam, yat), existent and beyond (sat, tyat), solar (Ya esa tapati) and intrasolar" (ya esa etasmin mandale purusah, BU 2.3.1-3, cf. MU 6.3,15,36, etc.), Brahma tree is necessarily to be considered from the same point of view; in other words, either as rooted in the dark ground of the Godhead and as standing up and branching out in the manifested Cosmos, and therefore inverted, or as consisting of a continuous stem having two parts, of which one extends as the Axis of the Universe from Earth to Heaven, while the other branches above the roof of the world in Paradise.(2) In accordance with RV X.I2I.2 "His shadow is both of death and of immortality," we can identify these "parts" of the Tree with the Tree of Death and Tree of Life of other traditions.
     A twofold division, cosmic and supracosmic, of the Axial Column is clearly enunciated in AV x.7.3, where the skambha (in which the Devas inhere "like branches of a tree about its trunk," the solar Tree in which the Brahman Yaksa moves on the face of the waters, ibid., 38) is fourfold, three of its members (anga,) corresponding to earth, air, and sky (the three worlds of the cosmos), while the fourth "stands beyond the sky" (tisthaty uttaram divah). This division is already explicit in RV x.9o.3 4, where the Person's "one foot is all beings,(3) and three feet immortality in heaven (amrtam divi); with three feet he is up above (urdhvah), one foot of him is that which is born repeatedly (abhavat punah)," and repeated in MU VII.II.8, where the Brahman "moves (carati) with one foot in the three (stations), and with three in the higher (uttare)," of which the "fourth" station, "beyond that of sleep" (suptat parah), is the "greatest" (mahattaram).(4) This involves, of course, the usual trinitarian arrangement of the Brahman, which makes of the proceeding deity Three Persons (Agni, Indra Vayu, Aditya) and of the transcendent deity One Principle in whom the distinction of these Persons is lost.(5)
     Thought of, then, as Pillar or Tree, the Person, Brahman, Prajapati, stands in part within the cosmos and in what is a greater part also out beyond the sky. AV X.7 10 asks where in the Pillar are these parts, "the Existent and the Nonexistent" (asac ca yatra sac canta skambham, tam brumi).(6)  The answer follows in verse 21 "The (higher) (7) kindreds know the steadfast Nonexistent bough as the supernal; those below who worship this thy bough are aware of it as the Existent" (asac chakham prati'sthantim paramam iva jand viduh; uto san manyante'vare ye to sdkhdm upasate),(8) and verse 25, "The higher kindreds call that One limb of the Pillar the Nonexistent" (ekam tad angam skambhasyusad uhuh paro Janah);(9) verse 26 substitutes "Ancient" (puranam) for "Nonexistent" (asat). We defer the question of whether the lower part of the Pillar must be thought of as inverted with respect to the higher, but call attention to the fact that the Pillar, in its lower and cosmic extension, may properly be called a "Tree of the knowledge of good and evil," for as MU VII.II.8 (cited above) continues, "The twofold nature (dvaitibhava) of the Great Spirit (mahatmanah, the Sun) is for the sake of experiencing both the true and the false (satydnrtopabhogarthah)," by which "true and false" are clearly denoted the two worlds, respectively celestial and infrasolar, immortal and mortal, designated in SB 1.9.3.23 as superhuman (amanusa daivya) and human (manusa), true (satyam) and false (anrtam); cf. the distinction in CU VIII.1 of true desires (satyah kamah) and these same desires "falsified" (anrtapidhanah), the former to be found by going "there," the latter those that men pursue "here." Indeed, it follows inevitably from the doctrine of "one essence and two natures" attributed to Varuna, Agni, or Brahman throughout the Vedic tradition that insofar as the Deity is represented by a Tree, this can only be thought of either as a single Tree to which the contrasted aspects of the Deity are as in RV i.164.20, differently related, or as two different Trees, respectively cosmic and supracosmic, manifested and unmanifested but indwelt throughout by the single Brahman Yaksa.
     This duality is explicit in connection with the palasa (tree or leaf)(10) expressly identified with the Brahman in SB I.3.3.9 vi.6.3.7, and VII.I.I.5. In JUB1.20.3, we find that just as heaven and earth are represented by the two wheels of the solar chariot, separated and connected by their common axle tree (aksa; the "separating breath," vyana of RV x.85.12 and SB VII1.2.21 ), so they are represented by " two palasas," pillared apart by their common stem or trunk (yatha  kasthena pala'se vis abdhe syatam,(11) a sena va cakrav, evam etena Cantariksena (12) imau lokau vis abdhau ; and this is quite in accordance with RV x.135.1, where Yama's suprasolar Paradise is "in a fair palasa tree" (vrkse supalase , evidently the same as the asvattha of AV v.4.3. Yama's supalasa is the higher of the "two palasas" of the Jaiminiya Upanisad Brahmana. The memory of these two palasas, or twofold palasas, seems to be preserved in the name of the Dupalasa ceiya famous yaksa shrine referred to in the Uva saga Dasa 0 3.(13)
     The problem presents itself again in connection with the Soma as Tree of Life. For of "the immortal nectar hid in heaven" (divi . . . amrtam nigulham, RV m.44.23 24), "that which the Brahmans know as Soma, nonesoever drinks on earth" (RV x.85.3 4), but on the contrary, of various substitutes, notably the nyagrodha (pipal): in AB VII 3I, "The nyagrodha is metaphysically (paroksam) king Soma; metaphysically [transubstantially] the Temporal power (ksatriya) attains to the form of the Spiritual power (brahmano rupam upanigacchati) by means of the priest, the initiation, and the invitation"; similarly KB XII.5, where the Sacrificer (if himself a priest) partakes of Soma "mentally, visually, aurally," etc., and "thus by him yonder Soma, the king, the discerning, the moon, the food is eaten, that food yonder that the Devas eat." We have thus to do with a Soma up above, and another "Soma" here below; the former is. partaken of only transubstantially
     The Avestan tradition also knows of two Haoma trees, a white and a yellow, heavenly and earthly; the relevant texts are collected in W. H. Ward, Seal Cylinders o f Western Asia (Washington, D.C., I9I0) , pp. 232 a36. The Gokart or Gaokarena, the White Haoma risen from the midst of the sea Vouro kash,(14) where it sprang up on the first day, is the Tree of the solar Eagle (soma or simurgh, corresponding to the Indian syena, garuda, suparna) ; it is sometimes confused with and sometimes distinguished from the "Tree of All Seeds" which grows beside it (there is no hint of a inversion), of which the seeds, sent down with the rain, are the germs of all living things. The notion of a "Tree of All Seeds"(15) corresponds to the Indian conception of the Tree or Pillar as a single form in which all other principles inhere (RV x.82.6; AV x.7.38, etc.). In the old Semitic tradition, likewise, vii., in Genesis 3, a distinction is made between two Trees, respectively of the "Knowledge of Good and Evil," and of "Life"; man, having eaten of the former, is driven out of the Garden of Eden, the gate of which is defended against him by Cherubim and a "flaming sword which turned every way, to keep the way of the Tree of Life." Both of these Trees are "in the midst of the garden" (Gen. 2:9), which is as much as to say "at the navel of the earth." One is tempted to ask if these Trees are not in reality one, a Tree of Life for those who do not eat of its fruits and a tree of life and death for those who do; just as in RV 1.164.20, the Tree is one (samanam vrksam), and of the Eagles there is one that is all seeing, and another who "eats of the fruit" (pippalam atti). The words of verse 22, "upon its top, they say, the fig is sweet none getteth it who knoweth not the Father," imply (what is explicit elsewhere in connection with the rites of climbing)(16) that all the difference between life and death on the one hand and Eternal Life on the other can be expressed in terms of eating of the fruits of the lower branches, and of the fruit that is only for the Comprehensor who reaches the "top of the tree."(17)
     The Zohar (Shelah Lecha) distinguishes the Trees as higher and lower: "Observe that there are two Trees,(18) one higher and one lower, in the one of which is life and in the other death, and he who confuses them brings death upon himself in this world and has no portion in the world to come." These Trees are nevertheless so closely related that a transmutation can be effected: "This verse (Prov.11:24) testifies that whoever gives to the poor induces the Tree of Life to add of itself to the Tree of Death, so that life and joy prevail on high, and so that that man, whenever in need has the Tree of Life to stand by him and the Tree of Death to shield him" (Zohar, Beha 'Alotheka) (19) The two Trees are also contrasted as follows: "All over souls emanate from a high and mighty Tree . . . and all spirits from another and smaller Tree . . . when these unite, they shine with a celestial light . . . . For the feminine is in the image of the small Tree . . . the lower, feminine Tree, and had to receive life from another Tree . . . . when the Holy One grants the sinner grace and strength to accomplish his return to righteousness . . . the man himself (who as a sinner had been `dead' is truly and perfectly alive, being joined to the Tree of Life. And, being united with the Tree of Life, he is called `a man of repentance' for he is become a member of the Community of Israel"(20) Zohar, Mishpatim, III, 3o3 324) (21)
     Before proceeding to a more detailed account of the Inverted Tree as described in the Indian texts (and elsewhere), a few words may be said on the two names by which the Tree is commonly referred to: asvattha (ficus religiosa, pippala) and nyagrodha (ficus indica, vata, banyan). (22) The word Asvattha is understood to mean the "Station of the Horse" (asvastha), the Horse being Agni and/or the Sun; that this is the proper interpretation is placed almost beyond doubt by the repeated expression "as unto the standing horse" (aslvayeva tisthante) , with reference to offerings made to Agni kindled at the navel of the earth (23)  e.g., in TS 4.1.10, “bearing for him as fodder to a stalled horse . . . kindled on earth's navel Agni we invoke" (asvaye'va tisthante ghzimam asmai . . . nabha prthlvyii samidhdnam agnim . . . havamahe), and similarly AV 111.15.8, VS, XI 75, SB v 6.6  3.8 and from, the fact that asvattha is a designation of the solar Visnu in the Mahabharata (E. w. Hopkins, Epic Mythology, Strasbourg, 1915, pp. 6 and 208 20 . Nyagrodha means "downward growing" not merely insofar as this is actually represented by the growth of aerial roots but because the Tree itself is thought of as inverted, as is clear from AB VII 30, where the bowls which the Devas “tilted over (nyubjan); they became the nyagrodha trees. Even today in Kuruksetra men call these [trees] `nyubjas.' They were the first born of nyagrodhas ; from them are the others born. In that they grew downwards, and accordingly the nyagrodha `grows downwards,' and its name is `nyagrodha' being nyagroha [`growing downwards'], the Devas call it nyagrodha parabolically." This explanation recurs in SB XIII.2.7.3.
     In every country the World tree is of a species proper to the country in which the tradition has been localized for example, in Scandinavia an oak, and for Dante an apple. In Siberia the Tree is a birch: this birch is set up in hypaethral shrines comparable to the Buddhist bodhi gharas, it is called significantly the "Door god," and there are climbing rites analogous to those of the Brahmanas and Samhitas.(24) The idea of an erect and of an inverted Tree is met with over a range of time and space extending from Plato to Dante and Siberia to India and Melanesia. Most likely the proto Vedic tradition already knew of both. In this case it might be supposed that in India the asvattha was taken to be the type of the erect, and the nyagrodha, because of its downward striking aerial roots, as the type of the inverted Tree. The aksaya vata at Bodhgaya is, however, not an asvattha, but a nyagrodha; the Pali texts refer to the Bodhi tree now as asattha, and now as nigrodha; the Tree in Buddhist art and existing shrines is an asvattha; and the Inverted Tree of KU 6.1 and similar texts is specifically spoken of as the "One Asvattha." In other words, the Trees are not clearly distinguished in practice; and if the distinction of meaning so admirably made in the two names asvattha and nyagrodha continued to be felt, it must have been rather within an esoteric doctrine than publicly. That the doctrine of the Inverted Tree has always been an esoteric doctrine is far from unlikely; this is, indeed, suggested by AB VII.30, where the meaning of the ritual is evidently a "mystery," and also by what has been said of Soma above, cf. RV 1.139.2, where it is a matter of "seeing the golden," i.e., the immortal, "with these our eyes, the eyes of Soma," which "eyes" are those of "contemplation and intellect" (dhi and manas) and, in AB 11.32, "silent praise."
     We turn now to a consideration of the texts in which the Inverted Tree, of whatever species, is described as such. RV1.24 7 is explicit: "In the unground [air] King Varuna, Pure power, upholds the Tree's crest (vanasya stupam); its ground is up above; [its branches] are below; (25) may their banners [or oriflammes] be planted deep in us" (abudhne rdjd varuno vanasyordhvam stupam dadate pfitadaksah; nic.indh sthur upari budhna esam asrne antar nihitala ketavah syuh). For the word stupa, cf. RVV11.2.1, where we hive, addressed to Agni, "touch heaven's summit with thy crests (stupaih), overspread it with the rays of the sun," and the epithets hiranya stupa and arusa stupa applied to Agni in x.149.5 and 111.29 3. In VS 2.2, visno stupah is certainly "Visnu's crest" (Sikha); see TS I.I.II.I and SB I.3.3.5 The Tree, then, hangs from overhead downwards. At the same time, a distinction of crown from trunk is not essential: the Tree is a fiery pillar as seen from below, a solar pillar as from above, and a pneumatic pillar throughout; it is a Tree of Light,(26) most like that of the Zohar to be cited presently.
     Sayana rightly understands that the Tree is a "Burning Bush"(27) the ketavah are "rays" (rasmayah.) and "breaths of life" (pranah), the stupa an "aggregate of fiery energy" (tejasah samgham). That the rays tend downwards is in accordance with the often emphasized fact that the rays of the Sun strike downwards; cf. SB VII.4.1.18, where the gold plate representing the solar Orb is laid down "so as to look hitherwards" (arvancam) . In other words, the rays, thought of as the branches of a Tree of which the root is up above, spread downwards; while if we think of the flames as the branches of a Tree rising from a root below (Agni as Vanaspati), then all these flames rise upward (RV 111.8.11, "Arise, Vanaspati, a hundred branched," vanaspate satavalso viroha), their axial flame reaching and lighting up the Sun himself. In the same way, if we consider the "breaths," which are the "rays" in their pneumatic aspect: the Sun, or solar Fire is the "Breath" (prana), and it is because he "kisses" (breathes upon) all his children that each can say "I am,"(28) being thus inspired, while Agni is the "breathing up" (udana) or aspiration, and these two are separated and connected by the "separating breath" (vyana); these three breathings together make up the whole of what is called "spiration" (prana), the "whole Spirit" (sarva atma) of Prajapati (SB, VII.I.2.2I and VII.3.2.I2 I3) . The World tree thus inevitably burns or lightens at the same time upwards or downwards according to our point of view, which may be either as from below or as from above. The same can be expressed in another way in connection with the rites of climbing: where, just as "the Devas then traversed these worlds by means of the `Universal lights' (visvajyotibhih, i.e., by mews of Agni, Vayu and Aditya,(29) as `stepping stones' or `rungs,' samyanyah),(30) both from hence upwards and from above downwards (cordhavanam carvacah), even so does the Sacrificer now" (SB, VIII.7.I.23; cf. TS 5.3.10); for example, "Even as one would keep ascending a tree by steps (akramanair ukramanah; cf. TS m.6.6.4.1), even so . . . he keeps ascending these worlds" (iman lokan rohan eti, JUB I.3.2); "he mounts the difficult mounting (durohanam rohati)," reaching Heaven, and again "descends as one holding onto a branch" (pratyavarohati yatha sakham dharamanayah) until he 'is reestablished on earth (AB IV.2I 31a ) (31) or, to express this in terms of AV x.7.21 (cited above), returns from Nonexistence to Existence, ox using those of SB 1.9.3.23, from the superhuman and true to the human and false plane of being.
      The important text AV x.7.8 (cf. also RV x.8,.6) describes the procession of the (Brahman ) Yaksa: "A great Yaksa at the center of the world, proceeding in a glowing (i.e., as the Span) on the back (i.e., surface) of the ocean, therein are set the Deities, as it were branches round about the Tree's trunk" (vrksasya skandhah parl'ta iva sakhah); nothing in the text itself is explicit as to erection or inversion; only if we rely on the equation of "Yaksa" with "Varuna" in RV 7.88.6 and x.88.23 and correlate the text with RV 1.24.7 can it be assumed teat the 'free is inverted.
     AV 2.7.3, "From the sky is the root stretched down (di'vo mulam avatatam), on the earth stretched out, with this, the thousand jointed, do thou protect us about on all sides," concerning an unnamed "plant," is apparently contradicted by AV xix.32.3, where the thousand jointed darbha, invoked for long life, and evidently assimilated to the Axis of the Universe, since in 4 and 7 it is said to have pierced the three skies and three earths (three worlds) and is called "god born" (deva lidta) and "sky prop" (di'vi skambha), is described as planted on earth with its tuft in heaven (divi to tulam osudhe prthivyam asi nisthitah).
     We find ourselves, however, on sure ground in KU vi.i, MU v1 4, and BG xv.1 3, where the Tree is described as inverted and called an Asvattha. In KU: "With roots above and branches down (urdhva mulorvaksakah) is this everlasting Asvattha: that is the Bright Sun (Sukram), (32) that is Brahman, that is called the Immortal, therein all worlds are set, beyond it nonesoever goeth, This indeed is That." "Beyond it nonesoever goes" corresponds to KU III.II, "beyond the Person there is naught, that is the end, the final goad (kastha)," and AV x.7.31, "beyond it [the skambha] there is no more any being."
     In MU 6.4, "The three quarter Brahman [i.e., Tree as extended within the cosmos from earth to sky] has his roots above. Its branches are the ether, air, fire, water, earth, etc. This Brahman has the name the ‘One Asvattha.’ Pertaining to it is the fiery energy (tejas) that is yonder Sun, and the fiery energy of the imperishable logos (OM); wherefore one should worship it (upasita; cf. AV X.7.2I, avare ye to sakham upasate) with this same `OM' incessantly; it is his `One Awakener' (eko'sya sambodhayitr)." MU VIII I , on the other hand, describes the Burning Bush, Agni' as Vanaspati, as it branches  forth in space: "This, indeed, is the intrinsic form of space (svarupam nabhasah) in the hollow of the inner being (khe antarbhutasya), that which is the supreme fiery energy (tejas) is threefold in Agni, in the Sun, and in the Breath . . . that the imperishable logos (OM), whereby, indeed, it awakens, ascends, aspires, a perpetual support for the contemplation of Brahman (ajasram brahma dhiyalambam). In the draught, that is stationed in the heat, that casts forth light; branching forth and rising up, as of smoke when there is a draught, it moveth on, stem upon stem (skandhat skandham)." In these two passages the contrast of the Inverted Tree as which the Brahman descends into the cosmos and erected Tree as which he ascends from it is clearly drawn; both of these aspects of the one and only Tree being one and the same Logos, in the one case as proceeding from the Silence and Nonbeing, and in the other as returning to it.
     BG xv.1 3 describes the Tree with equal fervor, but finally as one to be cut off at the root: "With root above and branches downward, the Asvattha is proclaimed unwasting : its leaves are the meters, he who knoweth it a knower of the Vedas.(33) Downwards and upwards both its branches are outspread, the outgrowths of the qualities; its shoots the objects of the senses, and its downward stretching roots the bonds of action in the world of men. Nor here can be grasped its form, nor can its end or its beginning or its ultimate support: it is [only] when this firmly rooted Asvattha has been felled by the axe of nonattachment that the step beyond it can be taken, whereby going there is no return." Here the Tree is plainly described as rooted both above and below, and as branching both upwards and downwards. We have already seen that the Axis of the Universe is, as it were, a ladder on which there is a perpetual going up and down. To have felled the Tree is to have reached its top, and taken wing; to have become the Light itself which shines, and not merely one of its reflections.
     In the Mahabharata (Asvamedha Parva 47.12 15) (34) we have "sprung from the Unmanifested (avyakta = asat of AV x.7.21 ), arising from it as only support, its trunk is buddhi, its inward cavities, the channels of the senses, the great elements its branches, the objects of the senses its leaves, its fair flowers good and evil (dharmadharmav), pleasure and pain the consequent fruits. This eternal Brahma tree (brahma vrksa) is the source of life (a’jivyah) for all beings. This is the Brahma wood, and of this Brahma tree That [Brahman] is. (35) Having cut asunder and broken the Tree with the weapon of Gnosis (jnanena), and thenceforth taking pleasure in the Spirit, none returneth thence again."
     The very fine description of the Inverted Tree as a Tree of Light in the Zohar (Beha Alotheka, with reference to Psalms 19:6) accords with texts already cited, especially RVI.24.7 as interpreted by Sankara: we find, "Now the Tree of Life extends from above downward, and it is the Sun which illumines all. Its radiance commences at the top and extends through the whole trunk in a straight line. It is composed of two sides, one to the north, one to the south, one to the right, and one to tie left. When the trunk shines, first the right arm of the Tree is illuminated and from its intensity the left side catches the light. The `chamber' from which he goes forth is the starting point of light, referred also in the next verse, `from the end of the heaven,' which is, indeed, the starting point of all. From that point he goes forth veritably as a bridegroom to meet his bride, the beloved of his soul, whom he receives with outstretched arm. The Sun proceeds and makes his way towards the west; when the west is approached, the north side bestirs itself to meet it, and joins it. Then `he rejoices as a strong man to run his course' so as to shed his light upon the Moon.(36) Now the words `When thou lightest the lamps' contain an allusion to the celestial lamps, all of which are lit up together from the radiance of the Sun," i.e., as the Light of lights.
     In the Zohar (Bemidbar), the Tree of Life and Tree of Death are distinguished: "For as soon as the night falls the Tree of Death dominates the world and the Tree of Life ascends(37) to the height of heights. And since the Tree of Death has sole rule of the world (cf. TS V.2 3 1; SB xi.3.37, and x.5.1, 4), all people in it have foretaste of death . . . when dawn breaks, then the Tree of Death departs and people come to life again by reason of the Tree of Life. This happens in accordance with what is written, `to see if there were any man of understanding that did seek after God.' " It is clear from the last sentence that Day and Night are to be taken as symbols, as well as literally: the Tree of Life pertains to those who are verily awake, and that of Death to those who are still unawakened; cf. BG 11.61.
     We must next consider the two Inverted Trees described in Dante's Purgatorl'o, Cantos xxm xxv. These are met with near to the summit of the "mountain" and immediately below the plain of the Earthly Paradise, which is protected by a walk of flames (by which we understand the "flaming sword which turned every way, to keep the way of the Tree of Life" of Gen. 3:24, rather than the Keeper of the Sundoor of JUB 1.3, etc.) from which flames both Trees, met with in succession, seem to hang, and are represented in Botticelli's illustrations as thus dependent. If we arc to understand these Trees at all, we must take careful note of all that is said of them. The first "has a fruit sweet and pleasant to smell." A spring falls from above and moistens its leaves.(38) It seems to Dante that the inversion of the Tree is "so that none may go up" (cred'io perche Persona su non vada). The voice of the Virgin Mary "from within the foliage cried: 'Of this Tree shall ye have lack' " (Canto xxii). The emaciated shade of Forest adds: "From the eternal counsel virtue descends into the water, and into the Tree left behind (cade virtu nellacqua e nella pianta rimasa rests), whereby I thus waste away. All this people, who weeping sing, sanctify themselves again in hunger and thirst, for having followed appetite to excess. The scent which issues from the fruit, and from the spray that is diffused over the green, kindles within us a desire to eat and drink. And not once only, while circling this road, is our pain renewed: I do say `pain,' but should say 'solace,' for chat desire leads its to the Tree which led glad Christ to say: 'Eli; when as he freed its with his blood" (Canto xxiii). We infer from the wording that this is a reflected and inverted image of the Tree of Life, for which the souls in the (cosmic) Purgatory hunger and thirst, but of which they can neither partake nor can they climb it.
     Not much farther on, or higher, "the laden and green boughs of another Tree appeared to me . . . . I saw people beneath it lifting tip their hands, and crying out something towards the foliage, like spoilt and greedy children who beg, and he of whom they beg, answers not, but to make their longing full been, holds what they desire on high, and hides it not. Then they departed as though undeceived; and now we Came to the great Tree which mucks so many prayers and tears. 'Pass onward without drawing nigh to it; higher up (39) is a Tree which was eaten of by Eve, and this plant was raised from it.' Thus amid the branches some one spake" (Canto xxiv). The voice then cites examples of gluttony; it is evident that this inverted image of the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil serves for the disillusionment of those in whom desire is not yet overcame.
     Dante is now about to emerge from the steep side (40) of the Mountain onto the plain of the Earthly Paradise at its summit. It must be realized that the "world" from which Dante has climbed thus far, and to which he will return (Purgatorio 2.91 92) lies far below at the foot of the mountain, and that the Earthly Paradise has since the Fall been withdrawn to the summit of the fountain; Dante speaks of it as "one of the peaks of Parnassus" (Paradiso 1.16). It is no longer on a level with. the inhabited world, neither is it a part of the purgatorial slope; its position is virtually supracosmic, it represents the "summit of contingent being" (bhavagra). The way to it leads through flames which are, as it were, a "walk" (muro, Purgatorio 27.35) and through the rock (per entro il sasso, 27.64), which "entro" must have been such a cleft or tunnel and strait gate as Dante has previously called a "needle's eye" (cruna, x.16).
     Virgil's guidance and leadership are of no further avail: "Son," he says, "the temporal fire and the eternal past thou seen, and art come to a plane where I, of myself, can discern no further. Here have I brought thee with wit and with art; now take thy pleasure for guide;(41) forth art thou from the steep ways, forth art from the narrow .... No more expect my word, nor my sign (Purgatorio 27. 127-139). Virgil, being still of human nature, can go no further; henceforth Dante's guide is Beatrice, "risen from flesh to spirit" (XXX.127) and, as Sophia rather than as the individual for whom he longed on earth, a being no longer "human." And were it not that Dante himself divests himself of his humanity, he could have gone no further: "gazing on her, such (as she was) I became within . . . . To pass beyond humanity may not be told in words" (Paradiso 1.67 71) .(42) Even before this change has taken place, he has drunk of the Fountain of Life, Eunoe (fontana salda a certa, Purgatorio 28.124), and has been "born again, even as new trees renewed with new foliage, pure and ready to mount to the stars" (XXIII.142 145)
     From the point of view of conduct (prudence), the situation is summarized by Hermann Oelsner in The Purgatorio of Dante Alighliere (London, 1933), as follows: "The keynote of the Purgatory is primarily ethical .... But the Church, as a regimen, is not to be confused with Revelation (Beatrice) herself.(43) The proper office of the Church, as a regimen, ends when the proper office of Beatrice begins": and accordingly, whatever sin Dante may have committed, "he will remember again, but as an external thing that does not now belong to his own personality.(44) The effort henceforth is no longer moral, but intellectual and spiritual.
    It will be seen that the Great Transit ion (samparaya, KU 1.29, etc.), which for the Indian tradition depends upon a qualification to pass through the midst of the Sun (JUB 1.3 ff., III.I3 I4; isd Up. I5 I6, etc.) takes place for Dante in terms of the reentry to the Earthly Paradise, where at the end of the spiral ascent he sees erect that Tree of which Eve ate, thereby (as we seem to understand) reverting it; he stands now for the first time at the Navel of the Earth. (within the Bodhi mandala), from which point (45) the trunk of the arborescent Axis of the Universe,(46) of which the summit is "il punto dello stelo al cui la prima rota va dintorno" (Paradiso XIII.I2 I3), patterns an ascent no longer spiral but direct. In other words, for Dante the critical passage from the human to the angelic level of reference separates the kamaloka which he has left from the rupaloka into which he enters at the summit of contingent being (bhavagra), rather than the rupaloka from the arupaloka in which he will not enter until the four lowest of the planetary heavens (of which the fourth is that of the Sun) have been past. The gist of the whole matter for us is that the Trees, which seem to be different aspects of the only Tree, are inverted only below that point at which the rectification and regeneration of man takes place.
     Plato has also said, "Man is a heavenly plant; and what this means is that man is like an inverted tree, of which the roots tend heavenward and branches downwards to earth."(47) Furthermore, the symbol of the inverted tree is widely distributed in "folklore." An Icelandic riddle asks, "Hast heard, O Heidrik, where that tree grows, of which the crown is on the earth, and of which the roots arises in heaven?" A Finnish lay speaks of an oak that grows in the floods, "upward its roots, downward its. crown." The Lapps sacrificed every year an ox to the god of vegetation, represented by an uprooted tree so placed on the altar that its crown was downward and roots upward. It is quite possible that the symbol of the Inverted Tree may have a distribution and antiquity as great as that of the Upright Tree. What has been cited already will suffice for present purposes. We shall attempt in conclusion to deduce from the scattered fragments of what must have been a consistent doctrine, its ultimate significance.
     Now just as the Atman, Brahman, is the Yaksa in the Tree of Life, which is the manifested aspect of the supracosmic Person, so also is Everyman an Atmanvat Yaksa (AV x.8.43), and, as it were, a tree (Job 18:16) "As is a tree, just such as is the Lord of Trees, so indeed is man" (BU III.9.8); and thus, as for Plato, "by nature a heavenly plant" (Timaeus). He comes into being in the world because of the descent of a solar "ray" or "breath," which is the sowing of a seed in the field; and when he dies, the dust returns to the earth as it was, and the ray, on which his life depended, ascends to its source. We are not for the moment concerned with the ensuing judgment at the Sundoor which, if he is not qualified for admission, will permit the continued operation of those mediate causes by which the nature of a given birth is determined, and if he is qualified for admission will mean a final release from all individual causal order. What we are concerned with is that the coming into being of the man presupposes a descent, and that the return to the source of being is an ascent; in this sense, the man, qua tree, is inverted at birth and erected at death. And this holds good as much for the Universal Man as for the microcosmic man, insofar as these are thought of as entering into and again departing from the cosmos, and hence as much to the "Person in the Sun" as to the "Person in the right eye" of the man, when both are thought of as the immanent principles of the vehicles on which they take their stand. For when the transcendental Person, who is one eternally as he is yonder, enters into the world, he divides himself (atmanam vibhajya, MU VI.26, etc.), becoming many in his children in whom the spirit takes birth. This taking on of a passable mortal nature and "eating of the Tree of the Knowledge of food and Evil" (RV 1164; ; MU II.6d, etc.) is a descent, a dying, and a "fall," and even though we think of the Eternal Avatar's descent (avatarana, "coming down" or "inverse crossing") as a willing sacrifice undertaken for the sake of Everyman's crossing over and ascent, the Solar Hero cannot evade the inevitable death of all those "who come eating and drinking," and must ascend again to the Father, entering thus into himself, who is himself the Way and the Sundoor through which he passes; stooping to conquer, still he stoops. The descent of the Spirit is headlong; witness, for example, the descending Dove (equivalent of the Indian Hamsa) in the Christian iconography of the Baptism. Therefore we find in BU v.3 4 that "The head of the Person there in that solar orb is Earth. (bhur).... His arms are Space (bhuvar) .... His feet the Heavenly light world (sear) "; in the same way for his microcosmic counterpart, "the head of the Person who is here in the right eye is Earth,(48) etc. This is in complementary contrast to the normal formulation, typically in MU 6.6, where Prajapati's cosmic body. (pra'jpateh sthavista tanur yd lokavati) is erect, "its head is the Heavenly light world," etc.(49) He descends, in other. words, as Light, and ascends as Fire; and these are the pneumatic countercurrents that pass ap and down the Axis Mundi. Again in other words, this means that as undivided (macrocosmically, he is erect; as many (microcosmically), inverted.
     It is, accordingly, the express intention of the sacrificial ritual that the Sacrificer should not only imitate the First Sacrifice but at one and the same time reintegrate and erect (in both senses of the word, to build up and set upright) the immanent and as it were divided and inverted Agni Prajapati, and himself. For Prajapati, "having emanated his children,(50) and won the race,(51) was unstrung (vyasransata) (52) and fell down (apadyata)." The Devas, performing the First Sacrifice, reintegrated and erected him; and so now the Sacrificer, "reintegrating Father Prajapati so as to be all whole, erects him" (sarvam krtsnam samskrtyordhvam ucchrayati, SBVII.I.2.1 and 11, with many analogous passages). To this can also be applied the last words of BU v.5.4; cited above: "He who realizes this, smites off evil, leaves it behind." Realization will mean to have understood that this is a topsy turvy world; (53) that the Person in the right eye, man as he is in himself (aham, BU v.5.4), is an inverted or refracted principle, seen as if in a mirror, whether of water or the retina (CU VIII 7 4; BU v.5.4.);(54) it is for him to rectify himself, in such a manner as to be able to ascend these worlds (JUB 1.3), which cannot be done so long as the Tree is inverted.(55)
     A remarkable illustration and confirmation of these conclusions can be cited in the Acts of Peter 37 39, where Peter beseeches his executioners, "Crucify me thus, with the head downwards, and not otherwise .... For the first man, whose race I bear in mine appearance, fell head downwards . . . . He, then, being pulled down . . . established this whole disposition of all things, being hanged up an image of the creation wherein he made the things of the right hand into left hand and the left hand into right hand, and changed about all the marks of their nature, so that he thought those things that were not fair to be fair, and those that were in truth evil, to be good. Concerning which the Lord saith in a mystery: Unless ye make the things of the right hand as those of the left, and those of the left as those of the right, and those that are above as those below, and those that are behind as those that are before, ye shall not have knowledge of the kingdom.(56) This thought, therefore, have I declared unto you; and the figure wherein ye see me now hanging is the representation of that man that first carne unto birth. Ye therefore, my beloved, and ye that hear me and shall hear, ought to cease from your former error and return back again.(57)
     We have attempted to bring together some of the disjecta membra of an evidently consistent and intelligible symbolism, and are now perhaps in a better position to understand why it is that the Tree of Life, extending from earth to heaven or heaven to earth and filling with its branches all the interspace, can be thought of both as the "one Awakener" (eka sambodhayitr) and "everlasting basis of the contemplation of Brahman" (al'as ram brahma dhlyalambam) being, indeed, the Brahman (eko'svattha namaitad brahma, MU iv.6 and 7.2 and the "uttermost full awakening" (anuttara samyak sambodhi, in Sukhavati Vyuha 32), but can also and with perfect consistency be called a tree that must be felled at the root "when this Asvattha, so nobly rooted, has been cut down with the axe of nonattachment, then is that Station (padam) to be reached, whither having gone they return no more," BG xv.3 4. "That is," as Sankara comments, "uprooting the Tree of the world vortex together with its seed, he is to seek out and to know that way of the stride of Visnu, taking refuge with that Primordial Person from whom the Tree sprang up, as phantasmagoria oria from a juggler.(58) Sankara's explanation of the Inverted Tree of KU 6.1 and BG xv.1 3 may be summarized as follows: This is the "Tree of the World vortex" (samsara vrksa), compact of all desires and activities its downward branches are the worlds in which all creatures have their several beings. It is rooted in the pure Light of the Spirit, in Brahman, immortal and immutable; as a Tree, resounding with the cries of all those, whether gods or men or animals or ghosts, whose nests are in its branches, it is a growth without beginning or end in time, but of an ever changing aspect. The Tree has all to do with actions, whether ordinate or inordinate (karma dharma dharma laksanam), and their rewards (phalani), the "fruits of the tree." In this respect it is like the Vedas, which are another manifestation of the Brahmin: "He who knows the Tree of the World vortex and its Root as they are described in the cited texts is a Knower of the Vedas (vedavit); there is nothing more than this Trey of the World vortex and its Root that remains over to be known; whoever knows it, is omniscient.(59)
     The felling of the Tree, or taking flight from its summit, involves, in other words, the usual substitution of the via remotionis for the via affirmativa; the great transition involves a passing over from the Taught (saiksa) to the Untaught Way (asaiksa marga), the Spoken to the Unspoken Word. The Brahma tree (brahma vrksa), the Brahman in a likeness, as samsara vrksa, is an indispensable means to the knowledge of Brahman, but of no more use than any other means once the end of the road has been reached; it is a Tree to be used and also to be felled, because whoever clings to any means as if they were the end can never hope to reach the end.(60) The way of affirmation and denial applies then to the cosmic theophany, just as it applies to scripture. The Tree, as we have seen, is a manifestation of Agni, Vayu, and Aditya; and "These are the preeminent forms (61) of the immortal, unembodied Brahman…These one should contemplate and praise, but then deny (ta abhidhyayed arcayen nihnuyac catas). For with these, indeed, one moves higher and higher in the worlds, and then when the whole comes to its end, reaches the Unity of the Person, yea the Person" (ekatvam eti purusasya, MU 4.6) .
     The conclusions thus reached are confirmed by the very significant text of AB II.I 2. Here the Devas, by means of the sacrifice, have ascended to heaven; and lest men and prophets (rsayah) should follow after them, they "posted" (barred) the way by means of the sacrificial "post" (yupa) set point downwards (avicinagram).(62) Men and prophets, reaching the sacrificial site, realized what had been done. They dug out the post and "dug it in again upright" (urddhva nyamanvan), using the words, "Rise erect, O Lord of the Forest" (srayasva vanaspate, RV 1.36.13), "Aloft to our aid do thou stand like Savitr the God" (the Sun), and "Erect us" (63) for motion (carathaya), for life." Then they discerned the world of heaven. "In that the post is fixed upright (it avails) to the foreknowledge of the sacrifice and for the vision of the world of heaven"(64) (svargasya lokasy anukhyatai; cf. TS V.2.8.1, 6.3.4.8, etc.: svayamatrnna bhavati pranandm utsrstyai atho svargasya lokasyanukhyatyai). Being set up on the surface of... the earth (varsma prthvyai), "banning mindlessness far from us (are asmad amatim badhamana iti), namely privation, evil (asanaya vai papmanam), "The Post is the Bolt (vajro vai yupah) , it stands erect as a weapon against him whom we hate (dvisato badha udyatishati) . (65) There are three kinds of wood, of which the post can be made' khadira, bilva, and palasa. The latter is "the fiery energy and Brahma glory of the Lords of the Forest" (tejo vai brahma varcasam vanaspatinam and "the birth place of all Lords of the Forest" (sarvesam vanas patinam yonih). In TS I1. the Lord of the Forest (elsewhere the common epithet of Agni) is identified with the Breath (prano vai vanaspatih) . It is perfectly clear from all this that 1the sacrificial "tree," yupa is thought of as inverted and unclimbable until it is erected by the setting upright of the symbolic post of the rite: wherewith erected the Sacrificer is himself erected and regenerated.
 

NOTES

1. This does not, as might at first sight be supposed, make of Brahman a material cause of the world, but an apparitional cause. Skr. vana, "wood," is neither "matter" nor "nature" in the modern sense of these words. In the Indian tradition, the world is a theophany, and "that which fills space" and by which the Brahman enters into the world is "form and phenomenon" (nama rupa, as in SB XI 2.3.4 and 5): it is by these powers of denomination and appearance that the divine possibilities of manifestation are expressed and can be apprehended in the dimensioned cosmos. In other words, the process of "creation" is a "measuring out" (root ma ) of these possibilities; in this sense the divine procession is per artem. The word matra, "measure," corresponds etymologically to "matter," but not to the modern concept o£ matter, which concept is altogether foreign to the Philosophia Perennis. Matra (explained by Sayana as svarupam, "own appearance," in his Introduction to RV) corresponds almost exactly to "number" as characteristic of "species" in Scholastic philosophy.

2. This is, of course, the situation depicted in hypaethral tree shrines; see Coomaraswamy, "Early Indian Architecture: I. Cities and City Gates, II. Bodhi gharas," 1930. In the same way, "King Volsung let build a noble hall in such wise, that a big oak tree stood therein, and that the limbs of the tree blossomed far out over the roof of the hall, while below stood the trunk within it, and the said tree did men call Branstock" (Fo Wsunga Saga, traps. Magnusson and Morris, ch. 2; observe that "Branstock"="Burning Bush"). In the same way, in the Shaman tree shrines, the top of the Tree projects through an opening in the roof, through which it is possible to pass from one world to another (Uno Holmberg, "Der Baum des Lebens," Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae, XVI, I922 23, 28, 30, I42), which "luffer" is the same as the "Sundoor" of the Vedic tradition.

3. The "one foot" of the Sun as Aja Ekapad, e.g., in RV VIII.4I.8, where Varuna "with his bright foot ascends the vault, with the Pillar holds apart the paired spheres, upholds the sky" (arcing pada nakam a aruhat skambhena vi rodasi ajo na clyam adharayat). The Atman thus by means of its rays, "proceeds multifariously born" (caratl bahudlaa jayamanah, Mund. Up. II.2.()); and it is thus "with the Eye (Sun) that the Person ranges (carati) all measured things" (matrah, MU m.6).

4. Or better, "beyond the Great," i.e., beyond the Sun, cf. KU III.II, mahat param avyaktam, and m.7, mahato 'vyaktam uttatam.

5. The fourfold arrangement is made in two different ways. The All whole, That One, is triple within the cosmos and single beyond. On the other hand, it is only with one foot or part, a fraction (amsa, BG xv.7) as it were of the, whole of the Divine Being, that he moves in the Three Worlds and with three feet or parts, that is to say the major part, that he transcends these worlds. That infinite "part" of the Divine Being which is insusceptible of manifestation includes, but also exceeds that finite "part" which can be manifested: the Whole consisting therefore both of a known and an unknown, shown and unshown, vyaktavyaktam. [Cf. JUB 1.33.9, with reference to the fourfold sun.

6. In the beginning, when there is as yet no differentiation of cosmic space (rajas) from the Empyrean (vyoma), or day from night ("Mitra is the day, Varuna the night," PB xxv.1o.1o), there is in the same way no distinction of an Existent from a Nonexistent, but only That One (nasad dsin no sad asit . . . asit . . . tad ekam, RV X.129, 2 3) "not to be spoken of as either the Existent or the Non existent" (na sai tan nc sad ucyate, BG XIII.I2), because It is beyond all alternatives. In the same way RV X.5.7, where Agni (Vanaspati, "Lord of Trees," RV passim) is sadasat in the Empyrean; Brahman, sadasat in Mund. Up. II.2.1, and Prana in Prasna Up. II.5 6
    On the other hand, when the Universe comes into existence, and a logical distinction of the Existent from the Nonexistent supervenes, this "Existent is born of the Nonexistent" (RV x.72.2, asatah sad ajayata, echoed in TU 11.7, asat . . . tatovai sad aja yata) ; or as St. Thomas Aquinas expresses it, Sum. Theol. I.45.Ic, "oportet considerare . . . emanationem . . . totius entis a causa universali, quae est Deus . . .ita creatio, quae est emanatio totius esse, est ex non ente, quod est nihil." Cf. also Charlotte Baynes, Coptic Gnostic Treatise (Cambridge, 1933), p. 51, "The seventh Deep is the Door of Nonbeing, from out of it came forth all Being"; and the teaching of Basilides, reported by Hippolytus, "Thus the Nonexistent God made the cosmos out of the Nonexistent" [Philosophumena; or, the Refutation o f all Heresies, tr. F. Legge (London and New York, 1921), vII.21; cf. Mathnawi v.1026] .

7. "Higher" we take from verse 25, paro janah, whereas in Sayana's comment on RV x.129.1, paras = parastad uparidesc. The intended contrast of (paro) jana viduh in the first line with manyante 'vare janah in the second line is conspicuous: it is the usual distinction of what is paroksa from what is pratyaksa what the gods know in principle, men know only in fact. The distinction thus drawn is emphasized in JUB 4.18..6, where the Brahman is "not that which men worship here" (nedam yad idam apasate), though "even as men worship him, so he becometh" (yatho pasate tad eva bhavati, SB X.5.2.20, cf. RV v.44.6). Cf. MU iv.5, "These [Agni, Vyu, AAditya, etc.] are the preeminent forms of the immortal, unembodied Brahman…These one should meditate upon and praise, but then deny. For
by these one moves higher, and higher in the worlds. But in the universal dissolution he attains the unity of the Person, yea, of the Person"; and Sum. Theol. 111.92.1 and 3, "Our most perfect knowledge of Him as wayfarers is to know that He is above all that our intellect can conceive, and thus we are united to Him as to something unknown."
    Those to whom the designation naicasakha is applied in RV III.53.I4 are probably the same as the avare ye to sakham upasate of AV X.7.2I, i.e., "mortals here below" as contrasted with the (paro) janah and deva . . . paro panah of AV x.7.21 and 25.

8. For Whitney, AV x.7.ar is a "highly obscure verse," chiefly because, as usual, he makes no effort whatever to understand it; he does not even take the trouble to consider it in connection with other verses of the hymn in which it occurs, much less to refer to such texts as RV vazi.q.i.8. It would have been too much, perhaps, to expect of Whitney, whose knowledge of metaphysics seems to have been nil, to equate Vedic skambha with Greek stauros, or Germanic irminsul, or to refer to the universal doctrine of the Axis of the Universe, which is so fully illustrated in the Vedic tradition. He has at least the grace to call his version "only mechanical."
     With AV x.7.21 may be compared Chuang tzu, ch. 1, "Now if you have a big tree and are at a loss what to do with it, why not plant it in the domain of nonexistence, whither you might betake yourself to inaction by its side, to blissful repose beneath its shade?"

9. Evidently related to AV x.7 as cited, with its distinction of two "branches" and two kindreds (paro janah and avare ye), is TS 1.3.5, "I have found thee [the Tree to be felled as sacrificial post] hitherward with respect to the yonder kindreds, but yonder with respect to those here below" (arvak tva parair avindan, paro 'varais tva, understanding janaih after paraih and avaraih), the sense being that although it is an "existent" tree that is actually felled, it represents the "nonexistent branch" to those o£ the avare ye to sakham upasate who understand. [Cf. Mathnawi V. I026. ]

10. Palasa may mean either "tree" or "leaf"; if the latter, we should render in RV x.135.1 "in a fair leaved tree," and understand in JUB "two leafy [trees]."

11. It is no doubt from the same point of view that in TS VI.2.8.3, the enclosing sticks are male of palasa "for the holding apart of these worlds." For kastha  as "goal post" see TS 1.7.8. 2, PB Ix 1.35, and KU iii.ii.

12. Heaven and Earth, originally together, are separated in the beginning by that which intervenes, viz. the cosmic space, equally a fiery, pneumatic, and luminous principle. JUB explains antariksa by antaryaksa ("inter axle," or "inter eye"), SB 7.1.2.23 by arara iksa (" inter sight"). Inter eye," of course, because Sun Is the "Eye" (of tile "needle") whose spiritual rays, pillars, or feet, are axes at the same time separating and connecting Heaven and Earth, Knower and Known.

13. Duipalase corresponding to the (dve) palase of JUB. Duipalasa also occurs in the alternative form. Dutipalasa, where we assume a connection with Skr. dvita or Pall dutiya rather than with duti as "messenger"; cf. Hermann Jacobi, "Kalpa Sutra,"

14. The Indian Tree grows likewise in the midst of ocean (RV I.IH2.7, vrkso nisthito madhye arnasah).

15. In Purgatorio xxvm.m8 19, the Earthly Paradise is described as "full of every seed" Vogni. semenza a piena), the origin of such plants as can grow here below.

16. AB IV.2o 21; JUB 111.13; PB xviii.10.10; on climbing, see SB v.2.1.5 ff. We propose to deal with the climbing rites (Vedic and Shamanistic) on another occasion: cf. Coomaraswamy, "Pilgrim's Way," 1937, and "Svayamatrnna: Janua Coeli"

17. These are also the implications of KU 3.1, rtam pibantau . . . parame parardhe, considered in connection with RV x.x35.1, vrkse supalase devaih sampibate yamuh; RV 10.135.1 itaram . . . diva ahuh ale and he urisinam ; and SB 11.2.3.3. . where the Brahman, having completed his creative activity, parardham agacchat  = "rested on the seventh day."

18. The vertical trunk or axis of the Kabbalistic Tree of the "Ten Splendors" directly connects the highest (Kether) with the lowest (Malkuth). The latter corresponds to all that is implied by "Field" (ksetra) and "Lotus" in the Vedic tradition, and is "in a sense external to the system of which it is the last member"; it is its reflection. When we represent the Sephirotic system as the Man, Malkuth is "under his feet," (Le voile de isis, XXXV, 1930, 852). The sixth Splendor (Tifereth) occupies a position on the vertical axis corresponding to the "heart" of the Man (and to the "nail of the Cross" in the Acts of Peter); it is from this point and level that the "branches" (the contrasted fourth and fifth, and seventh and eighth Splendors) are extended. This sixth Splendor (Tifereth, "Beauty") thus corresponds to the Sun, what is above i t being supracosmic, and what below infrasolar and cosmic. The ninth Splendor is represented by that lower part of the vertical axis which is in immediate contact with Malkuth (it answers there to the point of Indra's vajra and of the Grail "lance"); [elle] correspond, en effect, ' 1'organe generateur male, qui projette dads la realisation effective les germes de toute chose" (ibid., p. 851; cf. the Avestan "Tree of all seeds"). For a representation of this "Tree" see Le Folle d'lsis, XXXVIII (1933), 230. From this summary description it may be inferred that the upper part of the Tree (above Tifereth being erect, the lower part (extending downwards from Tifereth to Malkuth, i.e., Sun to Moon   Earth) is inverted or "reflected," and understood very clearly just how it is that whoever confuses the higher with the lower part "brings death upon himself in this world" (all that is under the Sun being in the power of Death, SB 11.3.3.7, etc.). For some further details see Zohar, V, 401  404. As remarked by A. E. Crawley (The Tree of Life, London, 1905 p. v111) Later ages . . . have, in more senses than one, made an error of identification, and lave taken the Tree of Knowledge for the Tree of Life"

19. Again it is implied that the two Trees are really one, that is to say of one essence and two natures, like His "whose shadow is both of death and of immortality" (RV x.121.2), who "both separates and unifies" (AA 111.2.3), "gathers together and divides" (RV 11.24.9), "kills and makes alive" (Deut. 32:9). If "he who confuses them [i.e., the two natures] brings death upon himself and has no portion in the world to come," the same will apply to the dualist who makes of "evil" an essence independent of the "good"; and the converse will apply to one who recognizes in both natures a single essence, that of the "simplex Yaksa" of AV VIII.9.26.
     The Sanatsujatiya (Udyoga Parva 45.1762), combining the thought of RV x.27.24, x.121.2, x. x 29.2, and AV x1.4.21, reads "The Gander, ascending, does not withdraw his one foot from the sea, and were he to lift that outstretched [ray], there would be neither death nor immortality" (ekain padam notsipati saliladd hamsa uccaran, tan cet satatam urddhva a na mrtyur namrtam bhavet): it would be as it was in the beginning, when namrtyur asad amrtam na tarhi na ratrya ahu asid praketah (X.129.2). This makes it clear that the praketa of death and immortality, of night and day in x.12 .2 is the same thin as the one foot of the Gander, Surya Ekapad, and as that Sun pillar or Sun tree which is implied by the sa dadhara prthivim dyam vtemam of xJ21.x (cf. AV 4x.8), and of which the "shadow" is of immortality and death, yasya cha yamrtam yasya mrtyuh, in. x.121.2. All these are forms of the Axis of the Universe, thought of as a Tree by which the very existence of the cosmos is maintained. This at the same time throws a further light on the value of chaya as `=shelter" (especially from scorching heat) in RV passim (see Coomaraswamy, "Chaya," 1935, and cf. SB vxxx,7.3.x3, "for in His shadow is all this universe"). Finally, let us not forget that ``shadow" (chaya) also means "reflected image," as in Gopatha Brahmana 1.3, where the Brahman Yaksa looks down into the waters and sees his own reflection (chayam) in them, and that a reflected image is, strictly speaking, an inverted image.

20. In Christian terms, a member of the Mystical Body of Christ, Eph.11:20; skambha as in AV x.7.

21. In conclusion of what has been said regarding the tradition of two Trees in Western Asia, attention may be called to at least one apparently quite clear representation of superimposed Trees, on an Assyrian seal; this is No. 589 in Leon Legrain, Culture o f the Babylonians (Philadelphia, 1925), pl. 3o, and is described by him as "a tree of life, in form of a double palm tree," p. 303. Something of the same kind is suggested by the Phoenician Tree in G. Ward, Seal Cylinders o f Western Asia (1910), fig. 708. An excellent example can also be cited in Phyllis Ackerman, Three Early Sixteenth Century Tapestries, with a Discussion o f the History o f the Tree o f Life (New York, 1923), pl. 4ob; cf. pl. 37c and the types on pl. 38. Cf. also the inverted tree supported by two lions, represented on an Islamic slab, now in the Byzantine Museum at Athens (illustrated in D. T. Rice, "Iranian Elements in Byzantine Art," 111 Congres international d'art et d'archc'ologic iraniens, Memoirs (.Leningrad, x935), pl. XCIIII .

22. We are considering here only the principal designations of the Tree of Life, which can also be thought of as palasa, udumbara, plaksa, or even as a "plant" (osadhi) or "reed" (vetasa, notably in RV Iv.58.5, "A golden reed in the midst of the streams of ghee," TS iv.i.9.6 adding, "Therein an eagle sitteth, a bee, nested, apportioning honey," etc. In TS v.4.4.2, this reed is "the flower of the waters," etar puspam yai vetaso' pa m : evidently, then, that "flower of the waters" wherein gods and men inhere like spokes in a nave (AV x.8.34) and the trunk of the Tree of AV x.7.38. Closely related to these references is the phallic vaitasena of RV x.95.5 = sucya of 11.32 .4. (In. Elements o f Buddhist Iconography, 1935, p. 33, I misunderstood the "flower of the waters" to be the lotus.)
     As remarked by E. W. Hopkins (Epic Mythology, Strasbourg, 1915, p. 7), "The Asvattha is the chief of trees (it represents the life tree) and typifies that tree of life which is rooted in God above (Mbh vx.34.26; 39.1 ff.)." The Asvattha is represented already on seals of the Indus Valley culture, cf. Sir John Marshall, M ohenjodaro and the Indus Civilization (London, 1931), I, 63 66. On one seal the tree is guarded by dragons which emerge from the stem; another is an epiphany, the deity being seen within the body of the tree itself.

23. The steed (Agni as racer, TS 11.2.4.6) or steeds (Indra's in TS 1.7.8.2) is or are probably thought of as standing and at rest when the race has been run and the Navel 0f the Earth and Axis of the Universe have been reached. Numerous texts speak of the "unyoking" of the horses of the chariot of the deities when the altar has been reached. In TS v.5. x o.6, "If one yokes Agni and does not unloose him, then just as a horse that is yoked and not loosed, being hungry, is overcome, so is fire overcome . . . he loosens him. and gives him fodder"; Tv.2.5 .3, "being loosed, eat" (addhi pramuktah) ; and iv.1.10.1, " For him as fodder to a stalled horse (asva yeva tsthante ghamam asmai . . . kindled on earth's navel, Agni." Cf. also SB 111.6.2.5, "A white horse (asvah) stands by a stake (sth,anau)': the white horse is Agni, the stake the sacrificial post."
     In TS 1 7.8.2, the racing steeds are urged (kastham gacchatu) to reach the goal post (kastha; cf. KU III.II, purusan na param kinicit, sa kasth,a sa para gatih, with vi. i, asvatthah sanatanah . . . tad a natyeti kascana, etat vai tat, implying an equation of the Tree with the Person), which goal post (ka s4ha ) as the trunk of the "two pal alas" is synonymous with the Axis of the Universe (JUB 1.20.3) ; in PB Ix.i.35, "They made the Sun their goal (ka s4ham)." In all these expressions kastha is "goal post" in the same sense that Jupiter (dyaus pitr) is "Terminus."
     It may be noted, too, that it is likewise at the Navel of the Earth and foot of the world Tree that the Buddha attains his goal. Jesus is born in a stable (or, rather, cave), and laid on straw in a manger, which correspond to the strewn altar of the Vedic tradition. The identity of "stable" (as place where horses are unsaddled and fed) and "stable" (= firm), of "crib" (as manger) and "crib" (as cradle), and common. derivation of "stallion," "stall" (as loose box), "installation," and "stele" (as pillar and turning post) are significant for the associations of ideas involved in "asvattha." In the Horse sacrifice the stable put up for the horse near the offering place is made of asvattha wood (see SB xIII.4.3.5 and n. 2).
     Cf. also TB 111.8.12.2, where the Asvattha is described as the abiding place of (Agni) Prajapati: "The stable is made of asvattha wood (asvattho vrajo bhavati) ; [for when] Prajdpati vanished from the Devas, he assumed the form of a horse and stood for a year in (or at) the Asvattha, and that is why its name is asvattha."
     With "asvattha" explained as above, cf. "Rosspfahl des Obergottes Oriin ai tojon" ("horse post of the High god Oriin ai Tojon") as a designation of the Tree of which the roots strike deep into the Earth and summit pierces the seven heavens, in the Yakut saga cited by Holmberg, "Der Baum des Lebens," p. 58. For the association of horse with tree in China, see Carl Hentze, Friihchinesischr Bronzen  and Kulturdarstellungen (Antwerp, 1937), pp. 123 130 (Lebensbaum, Himmelsbaum, Sonnenbaum; Pferd and Pferdegottheit).

24. See Holmberg, "Der Baum des Lebens."

25. We index from RV 3.53.14, naicasakhamham, and AV 10.7.21, avare ye to sakham uasate, that by nicinah are to be understood nicinah sakhah.

26. For the Sun as itself the Pillar that holds apart these worlds, cf. RV 6.86.1).I; VIII.4I.I0; X.I7.II; X. 121.1, etc., and JUB I.I0.9, sthunam divastambhanim suryam ahuh. For the pillar as of Fire or Smoke, RV 1.59.1, sthuna.iva; m.r3.5, divah skambha samrtah pati nakam; IV.6.2, meta iva dhumam stabhayad upa dyam, etc.

27. With this aspect of the Tree, so conspicuous in the Vedic (as also in the Christian) tradition, we propose to deal more fully upon another occasion, only remarking here that, in RV, Agni is typically Vanaspati.

28. This very beautiful passage involves the sutratman doctrine (RV 1.115.1; AV X.8.38; 8B VIII.7.3.I0; KU III.7.2; BG VII.7, etc.), according to which all worlds and all beings are connected with. the Sun, literally in one vast conspiracy. It is in the same way that the Sun horse is made to kiss the Self perforated bricks, thereby endowing them with life (asvam upaghrapayati, prayzam evasya dadha ti, TS V.2.8. 1; 3.2.2, and 3.7.4)The sniff kiss (see L. W. Hopkins in JAOS, XXVIII, 1907, 120-134), a breathing on rather than a "smelling of," is undoubtedly an "imitation" of the Sun kiss, and in the same way a communication. It is, finally, from the same point of view that we have to understand the apparently strange apanena hi gandhan jighrati of JUB x.60.5 and BU III.2.2: it is the Spirit within us that smells in us, rather than the nose itself that smells, just as it is the Spirit, and not the retina, that really sees in us; the sense powers (Indriyani), often spoken of as breaths (pranah) moving outwards from within to objects, which are only cognizable because foreknown (nahi prajfiapetii . . . prajnatavyam prajnayeta, Kaus. Up. III.7).

29. These three being the "Light form" of the Spirit ( atman), corresponding to earth, air, sky as the "COSI111C form"; past, present, and future as the "Time form"; and a, u, m, as the "Sound form" of the OM, which is both the apara and para Brahman, MU v1.4.5.

30. The reader will not fail to recognize "Jacob's ladder." Cf. PB XVIII.IO.IO J UB 1.3.2.

31. Thus, too, in the myth Of Jack and the Beanstalk. AB adds, with reference to the rite, that "those whose desire is for the one world only, viz. the world of heaven, should mount in the forward direction only ( parancam eva rohet); they will win the world of heaven, but will not have long to live in this world"; cf. TS vn.3.10.4 and 7.4.4.3.

32. The Sukra ( = cup) is yonder Sun," TS VII.2.7.2.

33 This identification of the Tree with Scripture is paralleled in the Zohar V (Balak), "Just as a tree (the Tree of Psalms 1:3) has roots, bark, sap, branches, leaves, flowers and fruit, seven kinds in all, so the Torah has the literal meaning, the homilectical meaning, the mystery of wisdom, numerical values, hidden mysteries, still c1ccper mysteries, and the laws of fit and unfit, forbidden and permitted and clean and unclean. From this point [Tifereth?] branches spread out in all directions, and to one who knows it in this way it is indeed like a tree and, if not, lie is not truly wise." Similarly in Pardiso XXIV.II5 117, "Who so from branch to branch [of Scriptures examining, had drawn me now, that we were nigh unto the utmost leaves."

34 As quoted by Sankaracharya on BG xv.i.

35 Reminiscent of RV x.31.7 and the answer in TB II.8.9.6.

36. I.e., to consummate the marriage of Heaven and Earth, the reunion of the right and the left, etc. "To shed light" is evidently to inseminate, as in the Vedic tradition; cf. SB VIII.7.I.I6 and TS VII.I.I.I, Jyotih prajananam.

37. Cf. in the Shelah Lecha section, cited above, the Tree of Life as higher and Tree of Death as lower. Here also we assume that the lower tree is inverted.

38. The Tree of Life itself in the Brahma world is described is "sonni dripping" (asvatthah .soma savanah), only to be attained by leading the Brahma life (brahmacariyena), CU 8.5.3-4. Yggdrasil, too, is "sprent with dews I’ dales that fall" (cf. Voluspa, tr. Coomaraswanay, 1905).

39. The Earthly Paradise, although withdrawn anal elevated, is sill actually a part of the cosmos end, like the three lower Heavens above it, still under the Sun.

40. The "scarp" (pravat) of the Vedic tradition; cf. RV I.I0.2, yat sanoh sanum druhai.

41. Lo tuo pi'acere om.ai prendi per duce. Piacere here is precisely Skr. kama: Dante is now a kamacari'n, "a mover at will." Such a motion at will is spoken of already in connection with the Solar Paradise, RV Ix. 113.8 ff., "There where dwells King Sun, where heaven's fence is, where are those running streams, make me immortal there where motion is at will (yatra_nukamam .caranam), the third celestial firmament of heaven, where are the realms of Light," etc., and again and again in the Upanishads, e.g., CU VIII.I.6, "He who goes hence having already found the Spirit [or, his own spiritual essence becomes a `mover at will' (kamacarm) in every
world." Such an independence of local motion as is implied is often denoted by "wings"; in PB xiv.1.12 13, JUB 111.13.9, and Sanatsujatiya, ch. vi, for example, it is said that of those who climb the Tree, those who are Comprehensors are winged
(paksin) and fly away, but others, unfledged, fall down; in Purgatorio xxi.51, Beatrice makes use of the same symbolists when she reproaches Dante, suggesting that long since he should have been "full fledged" (pennuto = Skr. paksin).

42. As in CU 4.15.5 6, "There, there is a Person who is not human. He leads them. on to Brahman. That is the way of the gods, the way of Brahman. Those who go by it return not again to the human path"; Cf. CU 5.10.2 and BU vi.2.I5 (read puruso' manavah). "Return not again" does not, of course, . apply to those whose experience of the suprasolar realm is by way of vision or ritual; the symbolic ascents of the sacrificial ritual make careful provision for a corresponding descent, and if such provision is not made, it is understood that the sacrificer will either go mad or not have long to live (TS vii.3.10.3 4; AB iv.2l). The ritual ascent of the initiated sacrificer, whose sacrifice is of himself, prefigures and forecasts an actual ascent to be made at death; and though he returns to the world and to himself (SB 1.9 3.23) , he has assuredly set foot upon "that stairway which, save to reascend, no one descendeth" (Paradiso x.86 87) . In the same way, "Richard [of St. Victor] who, in contemplation (a considerar) was more than man" (Paradiso x.130 I3I). It may be remarked that in this context a reference rather to raptus or excesses (= samadhi) than to consideratio (= dharana) might have been expected; it must be understood that the initial stage of contemplation stands for its consummation.
     That Dante himself has now become an "eagle" (suparna) is further implied by Paradiso 1.53 54, "1 fixed mine eyes upon the Sun, transcending our wont," 'in this respect also resembling Beatrice (Paradiso 1.46) .

43. The Islamic distinction of shari'at (Law) from qiyamat (Resurrection).

44. "Such a one, verily, the thought does not torment: `Why have I not done the right? Why have I done wrong? He who is a Comprehensor thereof, redeems his spiritual essence from both these thoughts' " (TU 11.9) ; "He comes to the River of Incorruptibility (vijara) . This he crosses by intellect (manasa). There he shakes off his good deeds and his ill deeds . . . . Parted from both, a knower of Brahman, he goes on to Brahman" (Kaus. Up. 1.4) ; "The Brahman is without forms or characteristics . . . . The means by which he can be apprehended is an understanding already purified by conduct .... It is not enjoined in the Rule of Liberation that `This should be done' or `That should not be done'; in this Rule, knowledge of the Spirit depends alone on vision and audition" (Anugita 34) ; "Whoever is born of God, cannot sin" (John 3:9) ; "If ye be led of the Spirit, ye are not under the law" (Gal. 5:18).

45. "The nail which holdeth the crosstree unto the upright in the midst thereof is the repentance and conversion of men" (Acts of Peter 38). We take it that the plane of the "crosstree" is the ground of the elevated Earthly Paradise, and that in the cosmic symbolism of the Cross all below this plane is inverted, all above it erect. We can perhaps present a clearer image of this: suppose that we are standing at the foot of the Cross and that the space between ourselves and the crosstree is a water, of which the plane of the crosstree is the "farther shore," and the upper part of the upright above this plane is the trunk of the Tree of Life as it was planted by God in the Garden: what we see near at hand is an inverted image with roots above and branches down, and beyond this is the source of this image, the real tree standing erect; and only when we reach the farther shore do we no longer see the inverted tree, which is now as it were underfoot. The tree is always the same tree, only our relation to it changes. We may observe, at the same time, that the reflected tree is always of variable aspect because of the motion of the water by which it may be entirely hidden from our sight, and that both trees may be hidden lay mist; in any case, one whose eyes are bent on what lies underfoot, and who has no ocher shore in mind, will naturally see the inverted tree before he sees its prototype, to see which requires a more elevated glance.

46. The kastha, as final goal in the sense of TS I.7.8.2 and KU III.II; cf. JUB I.20.3.

47. 1 am obliged to take this at second (or rather third) hand from Holmberg, "Der Baum des Lebens," p. 56. The quotations immediately following are from the same source, where the original references can be found. Holmberg's work contains also a vast amount of comparative material on the upright Tree of Life, of which we shall make further use on another occasion.
     All that I have been able to find in Plato about the inverted tree is that, while "it is by suspending our head and root from that region whence the substance of our soul first came that the Divine Power keeps upright our whole body," insofar as man declines from his proper nature, he is, as it were, an animal whose head approaches the earth, a condition most fully realized in creeping things (Timaeus 90 ff.).
     The sentence ending with "keeps upright" may be compared with AB vii.4, where Aditi, the Earth (goddess), discerns the zenith, and "therefore it is that on this earth plants grow upright, trees upright, mien upright, Agni is kindled upright, whatever there is on this earth that stretches upright, for this was the quarter discerned by her." Cf. SB iii.2.3.19.

48. The Person in the Sun (also called Death) and Person in the right eye or in the heart (where the conjunction of the Persons in the right and left eyes takes place, SB X.5.2.II I2) are often identified and correlated (e.g., MU vi.i, etc.). In BU v.5.2, "these two Persons [in the Sun, and right eye] are supported each upon the other [cf. AA II.3.71: by the rays that one on this, and by the breaths this one on that. When one is about to die, he sees that orb quite plainly; those rays [by which he was supported come to him no more." The interdependence of the macrocosmic and microcosmic Persons corresponds to Eckhart's "Before creatures were, God was not, albeit he was Godhead" (Evans ed., I, 410).

49. It may be noted that in this formulation the navel and not the arms represent Space, implying, evidently, that the arms are not extended. As MU vi.6 continues, "This is the all supporting form of Prajapati. This whole world is hidden in it, and it in this whole world" (for, as need hardly be said, this Pillar is omnipresent, and passes through the center of every being). And as this text also remarks, the Eye of this cosmic embodiment is the Sun, this Eye is the Person's "great unit of measure" (matra) and his means of motionless locomotion, "his range is visual" (caksusa carati). Finally, it may be observed that this solar Eye at the top of the Pillar, the Sun door through which only the arhat and vidu can pass (JUB 1.6 and 111.14; CU viii.6.5; etc.), is the "eye of the needle" through which it is so hard for' the "rich man" to pass (Matt. I9:24, cf. BU 11.4.2, amrtasya to nasasti vittena , as is explicit in Mathnawi 1.3055 3066.

50. That is, sent forth his rays; the antaratman being a "ray" of the Sun. As Plotinus expresses it, "Under the theory of procession by powers, souls are described as `rays' " (Plotinus vi.4.3). For the solar rays as the children of the Sun, cf. JUB II.9.10; 813 111.9.2.6; VII.3.2.I2 (with Sayana's comment), vIII. .I.I6 I (jyotih ra lananam, also TS vii.1.1.1 ), and x.2.6.5. Also St. Bonaventura, De scientia Christi 3c: "Ipsa divina veritas est lux, et ipsius expressiones respectu rerum sunt quasi luminosae irradiationes, licet intrinsecae, quae determinate ducunt in id quod exprimitur"; and Witelo, Liber de intelligentiis vi ff.: "Prima substantiarum est lux. Ex quo sequitur naturam lucis participare alia . . . . Unumquodque quantum habet de luce, tantum retinet esse divini.

51. That is, reached the sacrificial altar; cf. TS 1.7.8.2 and 11.2.4.6. See n. 22 above.

52. For the full significance of vyasransata, "was untied," "let loose,'' analyzed," etc., see TS v. i.6. i, "Agni's form as Varuna [cf. RV v.3 I] is tied up (naddhah). Saying `With extended blaze,' he unloosens (visransati) him; impelled b Savitr indeed, he lets loose (visrjati) on all sides the angry glitter (menim) of Varuna that pertains to him. He pours down water . . . appeases Agni's burning heat (sUcam) throughout his whole extent .... Mitra is the kindly one (,diva) of the Devas he connects him, indeed, with Mitra, for pacification." Cf. AB 111.4, "Inasmuch as they worship him, the dreadful to be touched [cf. JUB 11.141, as `friend' (mitrakrtropasan), that is his [Agni's] form as Mitra . . . . Again, in that him being one they bear apart in many places, that is his form as the Universal Deities." Keith makes menim "wrath" and sucam "pain": certainly what is intended corresponds to Boehme's "anguishing or scorching fire" and "fierce and sudden flash," which is "all together" in its eternal origin, but springs up "into the meekness and light" so as to be freed from the darkness, and "in the appearing of the plurality . . . sparkleth or discovereth itself in infinitum" (Three Principles o f Divine Essence xiv.69 77) Fyasransata thus implies "was divided up, became the sacrifice," "was undone" or "done for," as indeed the word "appeases" (samayati) in the TS context also shows; Agni Praj'apati is the victim, and is "given his quietus." For "to `quiet' a victim is to kill it" (TS vi.6.9.2, vi.6.7; 813 XIII.2.8.2, etc.).

53. This is the constant assumption: for example, RV i.164.i9, "Those whom [mortals] speak of as `present' (arvancah), they [the immortals speak of as ‘far off’ (parancah), and those whom [mortals] call `far off,' they [the immortals call `those present"' (cf. the wording of AV x.7.10, 21, 25 cited above); and BG 2.61, "What is for all beings night is for the Collected Man the time of waking; and when beings are awake, that is night for the seeing Sage." The same idea is expressed in the opposition of pravrtti and nivrtti (procession and recession), and in the often repeated "The way to the World of Heavenly Light is countercurrent" (TS VII.5.7.4, cf. Buddhist uddhamsoto and patisotagamin).
     Cf. also in Chinese script, in connection with the Moon as Magna Mater, the representation o£ beginning and birth by an inverted human figure (meaning also "opposite" or "counter "), and representation of the end by an erect figure (meaning also "great"), Hentze, Friihchinesische Bronzen  and Kulturdarstellungcn, pp. 72, 73.

54. The fact must have been knows that the retinal image is actually inverted and erected only by the mind, which sees through rather than with the eye.

55. Dame, Purgatorio xxii.134 r35, cosi quello in giuso, cred'io perche persona su non vada. The ascent is barred to those for whom the Tree is an inverted Tree ("to deep the wav of the Tree of Life," Gen. 3:24).

56. That "the nail which holdeth the crosstree unto the upright in the midst thereof [of the Cross] is the conversion and repentance of men" shows that what is implied is not merely a sunwise transposition, but an. attainment of the Center in which there is .no distinction of directions, where "the Sun shall no, more rise nor set, but stand in the Center single" (CU 3.2.1). This is to have reached the Brahman, who is "endless in all directions, though for him assuredly directions such as `East,' etc., cannot be predicated" (MU vi 17), that "Night" in which "the directions are submerged" (muhyanti disah, JUB 3.1.9). In other words, it is just inasmuch as men see a plurality and in terms of the "pairs of opposites" (such as right and left, up and down, good and evil) that they "crucify Him. daily."

57. Cf. Plato, Timaeus 90D, "rectifying the revolutions within our hear, which were distorted at our birth."' Cf. TS 1, cxii, where the initiate "does everything as nearly as may be topsy turvy, exactly opposite to the usages of men."

58. Rawson's characteristic difficulty at this point arises from. his confusion of essence with nature: "one would expect the root to be of the same essential nature  Is the tree" KU,p 185). It is incorrect to use: such an expression as "essential nature" when we are considering an already existent manifestation. Essence and nature are one and the same only in the unity of the transcendental Person: an epiphany implies already that this essence and this nature .have been distinguished (RVX.27.23; BV 1.4.3) ; then we have still to do with a single essence, but with a dual nature, the dvaitibhava of MU vxi.ii.8, the Brahman being now both in a-likeness and not in any likeness, mortal and immortal, vocal and silent, explicit and inexplicit, many and one (BU 11.3; MU m.3, etc.), both the apara and the para, imago imaginata and imago imaginans. To reach that Person in whom essence and nature are one, the mortal and manifested nature must be broken through: "understanding has to break through the image of the Son" (Meister Eckhart, Evans ed., 1, 175), entering in by the Door (John 10:9 and Brahmanas and Upanishads, passim). In other words, he who is fully fledged and has climbed to the top of the Tree "flies away" (PB xiv.1.12), and this departure is the same as to fell the Tree of the World vortex, since whoever thus "breaks out of the cosmos" (Hermes), leaves behind him the manifestation and enters into that which is manifested. He who thus "becomes Brahman" has no further need of any "support of contemplation of Brahman." As Plotinus expresses it, "in other words, they have seen God, and they do not remember? Ali, no: it is that they see God still and always, and that as long as they see, they cannot tell themselves that they have had the vision; such reminiscence is for souls that have lost it" (Plotinus, iv 4 6).

59. "Not till she knows all that there is to know does she cross over to the unknown good" (Moister Eckhart, Evans ed., I, 385).

60. Exactly of the same nature as the brahma vrksa = samsara vrksa is the brahma cakra = samsara cakra (described at length in the Anugita). And just as the Tree is one to be felled, so is the Wheel to be arrested. It is in just the same way that the Vedas themselves are of no further use to one who has reached their "end." As the iconoclast expresses it, "An idol is only fit to be used as a threshold upon which travellers may tread."

61. In MU 6.5, the "Light form": and in the Fire altar, represented accordingly by the Visvajyotis bricks.

62. Cf. Dante, Purgatorio xxii.135, perche persona su non vada. In the parallel passage, SB III.2.2.2 Eggeling misunderstands the value of yopaya (="posted" in the sense .of "blocked" or "barred" the way). Whitney in American journal of Philology III (1882), 402, translates correctly but fails to understand how the setting up of a post could be thought of thus; an illustration of the evident fact that Whitney's mind was always securely "posted" against the comprehension of and metaphysical notion.

63. The Sacrificer identifying himself with the Post, as is explicit in KB x.2 (Cf. SBXIII.2.6.9).

64. The Post, or Bolt, wielded point downwards, pierced (end fertilized) the earth; now withdrawn and set up erect, it points upwards to and virtually penetrates the sky, literally pointing the way by which the smoke of the sacrificial fire, bearing with it the spirit of the Sacrificer identified with that of the victim, ascends to pass out through the cosmic luffer, the eye of the domed roof of the world, and "eye of the needle." "Agni arose aloft touching the sky: he opened the door of the world of heaven . . . him he lets pass who is a Comprehensor thereof" (AB III.42); and, "were the sacrificer not to ascend after him, he would be shut out from the world of heaven" (TS v.6.8.1) . Cf. Micah 2:13, Ascendet enim pandens iter ante eos: divident, et transibunt portam, et ingrediuntur per eam (like Mund. Up. 1.2.1 I, suryad varena prayanti), and St. Thomas, Sum. Theol. III.49.5c ad 2, Et ideo per passionem Christi aperta est nobis janua regni coelestis (i.e., of the coelum empyreum and not merely of the coelum aureum).

65. Quo se potest tueri contra hostis im pugnationes, Sum. Theol. 111.49.2 ad 2. The wording of the text (amatim . . . asanaya vai papmanam) makes it abundantly clear that it is not primarily any private "adversary" that is intended by the "hateful kinsman" (dvisatah bhratrvyah) against whom the Post is set up and in this sense "hurled" raharati AB II.I but rather the Enemy of gods and men. Similarly as regards bhratrvyah in RV vii.18.18, Yah Krn oti tigmam, tasmi n ni jahi vajram, indra, and AV, etc.,   where the very possibility of applying an incantation (mantra) against "so and so" depends upon its primary efficacy as an exorcism of the Fiend the anyavratah of VS xxxvIII.20. Cf. TS vII.4.2, "Smiting off misery, evil, death (arttim papm,anam mrtyum), let us reach the divine assembly." It is in the same spirit that so many incantations have as their end to secure a liberation from Varuna. Who then is the Enemy, the Mindless One, Privation, Evil, that is smitten by the erection of the Post? Evidently Death (mrtyu), and in the present connection more specifically that form of Agni that is often identified with Death, the Agni whose connection is with Varuna, from whom the Sacrificer is ever seeking to escape: Agni as Ahir Budhnya, the "Chthonic Serpent" (who is invisibly what the Garhapatya Agni is visibly, AB HI 36); the Agni "that was before" as distinguished from the kindled Agni worshipped as a Friend (mitrakrtyopasan, AB 111 4, etc.), with reference to which pair, whose relation is assuredly "brotherly," it is said that "the Agni that is in the fire pan and the Agni that was before hate (dvisate) one another" (TS v.2.4.1) . The Serpent's head is "bruised" (cf. Gen. 3: 5) by the Post.
     The Sacrificer repeats what had been done by Indra in the beginning (vajrena bodhay a him, RV 1.103.7, etc.), when the Sacrificial site (yajna vastu of AB ii.1) was first taken possession of. The rite is repeated to this day when a new house is to be built: "Before a single stone can be laid . . . the astrologer shows what spot in the foundation is exactly above the head of the snake that supports the world. The mason fashions a little wooden peg from the wood of the khadira tree [cf. the use of khadira for the Post in AB ii ii, and with a coconut drives the peg into the ground at this particular spot, in such a way as to peg the head of the snake securely down" (Margaret Stevenson, Rites of the Twice born, London, 1920, p. 354) . For the full significance of this rite see further Paul Mus, Barabud ur, pp. 207, 347, 348, and my note in JAOS, LVII 093A 341; and A. Bergaigne, La Religion vedique d'apres les hymncs du Trig Veda (Paris, 1878 x897), I, 124, n. i, remarking on the use of RV v.62.7, bhadre ksetre nimita, etc., in this connection. It is from the same point of view that the setting up of a lance is a taking possession of the realm (see JAGS, LVII,19,37, 342, n. 4) .
     On the other hand, the setting upright of the Post or Bolt implies a regeneration, and at the same time fully explains why, in a lingam yoni, the lingam is supported by the yoni and stands erect, head upward, in what is strictly speaking an unnatural position. First, let us observe that Agni's birth place is always a yoni ; viryena in RV 11.11.2 1s the equivalent of vajrena in 1.103.7; and the equivalence of vajra and lingam as stabilizing Axis is fully brought out in the Daruvana legend (see Bosch, "Het Linga FIeiligdom van Dinaja," Madialah untuk ilmu buhasa, ilmu bumi dan kebuda laan ,Indonesia, LXIV (1924), and further references in Coomaraswamy, Yaksas, Pt. 11, 1931, P. 43, n. 2). These relations could be demonstrated at much greater length, both from the Indian and from other (e.g., the Grail anal the Greek) traditions. In the second place, we have to bear in mind. the distinction of the Garhapatya from the Ahavan iya Fires as respectively natural and supernatural places of birth (yoni) into which the Sacrificer inseminates himself (atmanam sincati ), and from which he is reborn accordingly (JB 1.17 and 18; see Oertel in JAOS, XIX, 1898, 116, a text which should not fail to be consulted in the present connection; and cf. AB 1.22 ) . Thirdly must be borne in mind the frequent identification in our texts of the Ahavaniya Fire with the Sky. The setting upright of the Post, Bolt, or Lingam, with these assumptions, implies then a withdrawal from the lower and natural yom and a reversal bY means of which the lingam is pointed towards the Sundoor above, which is precisely the birth place through which the Sacrificer, whether by the initiation and the sacrifice, or finally at death is reborn for the last time, obtaining a "body of light" and "sunskin," in accordance with the universal doctrine that "all resurrection is from ashes."